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Political Theory Mastery Quiz: Set 2 (Justice, Rights, and Modern Concepts)

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21. The belief that sources of knowledge lie beyond sense experience and are transcendental is called:

  1. Empiricism
  2. Rationalism
  3. Existentialism
  4. Consequentialism
Show Answer
Correct Answer: B
[cite_start]Rationalism relies on reason as the primary source of knowledge, contrasting with empiricism which relies on sense experience[cite: 6].
22. Which thinker defined Justice as “harmony of the soul”?

  1. Aristotle
  2. John Rawls
  3. Plato
  4. J.S. Mill
Show Answer
Correct Answer: A
[cite_start]Option A is the correct match for the list: 1-D (Aristotle/Proportional), 2-B (Rawls/Fairness), 3-C (Plato/Harmony), 4-A (Mill/Obligation)[cite: 6].
23. Equal respect and rights for all regardless of citizenship status is:

  1. Globalism
  2. Universalism
  3. Global Justice
  4. Cosmopolitanism
Show Answer
Correct Answer: D
[cite_start]This is the core definition of Cosmopolitanism[cite: 6].
24. Which is NOT correct about John Rawls’ idea of Global Justice?

  1. Formulated in ‘The Law of Peoples’
  2. Decent non-liberal people would accept it
  3. He extended his difference principle to global level
  4. Based on liberal principles of tolerance
Show Answer
Correct Answer: C
[cite_start]Rawls did NOT extend his difference principle to the global level; it remained applicable only to liberal societies[cite: 6].
25. Universality of Human Rights are opposed by:

  1. Moral Relativism
  2. Cultural Relativism
  3. Both A & B
  4. Cosmopolitanism
Show Answer
Correct Answer: C
[cite_start]Relativism is the direct opposite of universalism[cite: 6].
26. Who defined citizenship as a status granting civil, political, and social privileges?

  1. B.S. Turner
  2. Anthony Giddens
  3. T.H. Marshall
  4. David Held
Show Answer
Correct Answer: C
This is the classic liberal definition provided by T.H. [cite_start]Marshall[cite: 6].
27. Which of these is NOT a 3rd generation Right?

  1. Group Rights
  2. Environmental Rights
  3. Right to freedom of speech
  4. Right to natural resources
Show Answer
Correct Answer: C
[cite_start]Freedom of speech is a 1st generation (civil/political) right[cite: 6].
28. Which is NOT in Will Kymlicka’s list of minority rights?

  1. Self-government rights
  2. Polyethnic rights
  3. Special representation rights
  4. Right of national self-determination
Show Answer
Correct Answer: D
[cite_start]Kymlicka excludes national self-determination as it could lead to the dissolution of the nation-state[cite: 6].
29. Charles Taylor’s argument for “Recognition” implies:

  1. Minorities should get equal status
  2. Dignity requires cultural framework
  3. Self-respect depends on others’ recognition of cultural identity
  4. State must treat citizens with equal dignity
Show Answer
Correct Answer: C
[cite_start]This argument is central to Taylor’s ‘Multiculturalism and the politics of recognition'[cite: 7].
30. The idea that brute luck (disease, disabilities) shouldn’t make people worse off is the basis of:

  1. Liberal egalitarians
  2. Socialist egalitarians
  3. Chance egalitarians
  4. Luck egalitarians
Show Answer
Correct Answer: D
[cite_start]This is the core concept for theorists like Ronald Dworkin[cite: 8].
31. Pareto Optimality refers to a distribution where:

  1. Resources are equal for all
  2. No one can be better off without making another worse off
  3. Resources match individual needs
  4. Justice is proportional
Show Answer
Correct Answer: A
[cite_start]This economic concept is vital for understanding dilemmas in distribution[cite: 8].
32. Which is NOT correct regarding Equality of Opportunity vs Outcome?

  1. Opportunity is soft; Outcome is hard egalitarianism
  2. They can resemble each other at extremes
  3. Opportunity denotes negative liberty
  4. They are very different concepts and cannot be placed on a continuum
Show Answer
Correct Answer: D
[cite_start]The reverse is true; they can be placed on a continuum[cite: 8].
33. Which is NOT correct about Dworkin’s Equality of Resources?

  1. Based on Luck Egalitarianism
  2. Uses an imaginary auction
  3. Includes a fair insurance market
  4. Affirmative action by the State
Show Answer
Correct Answer: D
[cite_start]Dworkin’s model was a purely market-based arrangement and objected to state interference[cite: 8].
34. Regarding Walzer’s Complex Equality, which is incorrect?

  1. Distinct spheres of distribution
  2. Blocks conversion of goods between spheres
  3. Communitarian account
  4. None of the above
Show Answer
Correct Answer: F
[cite_start]All statements listed in the original options (A-E) are actually correct[cite: 8].
35. About Knowledge, which is NOT a view of post-modernism?

  1. Knowledge linked to power
  2. No knowledge is impartial
  3. Knowledge is technocratic and free from ideology
  4. Knowledge is not objective
Show Answer
Correct Answer: C
[cite_start]For Foucault, knowledge is NOT technocratic and free from ideology; it is inextricably linked to power[cite: 8].
36. Which is NOT correct about Rawls’ theory of Justice?

  1. Normative approach
  2. Applicable only to liberal societies
  3. Welfare state indication
  4. Preference for societal common interest over individual rights
Show Answer
Correct Answer: F
[cite_start]Rawls rejected this; he placed the liberty principle above the difference principle and fair opportunity[cite: 8].
37. Which is NOT correct about Feminism?

  1. Sex is biological; Gender is social
  2. Root cause is patriarchy
  3. It is considered a mainstream political theory
  4. Rejected separation of ‘Private’ and ‘Public’
Show Answer
Correct Answer: C
[cite_start]Feminism is technically classified as part of “critical” political theories rather than “mainstream”[cite: 8].
38. Which term is NOT related to Anarchism?

  1. Mutualism
  2. Political Obligation
  3. State is unnecessary evil
  4. No formal hierarchical authority
Show Answer
Correct Answer: C
[cite_start]Anarchists do not believe in political obligation to the state[cite: 8].
39. Match: Sandel, Walzer, MacIntyre, Taylor:

  1. 1-C, 2-D, 3-B, 4-A
  2. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
  3. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
  4. 1-B, 2-D, 3-C, 4-A
Show Answer
Correct Answer: D
[cite_start]Sandel (Liberalism & Limits), Walzer (Spheres), MacIntyre (After Virtue), Taylor (Sources)[cite: 8].
40. Match Multiculturalism Thinkers (Kymlicka, Parekh, Taylor, Barry):

  1. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
  2. 1-C, 2-D, 3-B, 4-A
  3. 1-A, 2-C, 3-B, 4-D
  4. None of the above
Show Answer
Correct Answer: B
[cite_start]Matches thinkers to their foundational books on minority rights and multicultural theory[cite: 8].
41. Who defined freedom as ‘it is a positive power of doing or enjoying something worth doing or enjoying’?

  1. Harold Laski
  2. T.H. Green
  3. Bosanquet
  4. Ernest Barker
Show Answer
Correct Answer: B
T.H. [cite_start]Green supported positive liberty and gave a complete theory of the welfare state[cite: 8].
42. What did 1950s thinkers mean by the “demise” of political theory?

  1. Science didn’t need theory
  2. Theory wasn’t scientific
  3. Normative-philosophical theory was unsuitable
  4. Empirical theory was unsuitable
Show Answer
Correct Answer: C
[cite_start]They specifically referred to the decline of normative philosophical political theory[cite: 9].
43. Easton’s reasons for decline of political theory include:

  1. Historicism, Hyperfactualism
  2. Historicism, Hyperfactualism, Moral relativism
  3. All four reasons
  4. Value pluralism
Show Answer
Correct Answer: B
[cite_start]Easton cited historicism, hyperfactualism, and moral relativism[cite: 9].
44. Which is NOT correct about Ideology?

  1. Belief system to structure world
  2. Basis for political action
  3. Term coined by Destutt de Tracy
  4. Ideology is same as theory
Show Answer
Correct Answer: D
[cite_start]Ideology is NOT the same as theory[cite: 9].
45. Who among the following did NOT support the demise of political theory?

  1. Peter Laslett
  2. Isaiah Berlin
  3. SM Lipset
  4. Robert Dahl
Show Answer
Correct Answer: B
[cite_start]Isaiah Berlin was hopeful of the revival of political theory[cite: 9].
46. Which is NOT related to Gramsci’s concept of Hegemony?

  1. Manufacturing of Consent
  2. Economic determinism
  3. Dominance without coercion
  4. Civil Society
Show Answer
Correct Answer: B
[cite_start]Gramsci turned economic determinism upside down, focusing on how civil society creates hegemony[cite: 9].
47. Who supported the revival of political theory after the behavioural revolution?

  1. 1, 2, 4
  2. 1, 2
  3. 1, 2, 3
  4. 1, 2, 3, 4
Show Answer
Correct Answer: D
[cite_start]Berlin, Strauss, Sabine, and Vogelin all supported the revival[cite: 9].
48. Who said ‘We cannot shed our values in the way we remove our coats’?

  1. Isaiah Berlin
  2. Leo Strauss
  3. George H. Sabine
  4. David Easton
Show Answer
Correct Answer: D
[cite_start]David Easton made this statement regarding values in political research[cite: 9].
49. The word ‘theory’ (from ‘Theoria’) literally means:

  1. Organized system
  2. Well-focused mental look
  3. Economic structure
  4. Physical arrangement
Show Answer
Correct Answer: B
[cite_start]It refers to a focused way of viewing or examining[cite: 9].
50. Who said political theory contains factual, causal, and valuational factors?

  1. Leo Strauss
  2. Dunning
  3. G.H. Sabine
  4. Ebenstein
Show Answer
Correct Answer: C
[cite_start]Sabine said this in his book ‘A History of Political Theory’ (1937)[cite: 9].

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