Politysphere

Category: Blog

Your blog category

  • Political Theory Mastery Quiz: Set 2 (Justice, Rights, and Modern Concepts)

    21. The belief that sources of knowledge lie beyond sense experience and are transcendental is called:

    1. Empiricism
    2. Rationalism
    3. Existentialism
    4. Consequentialism
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: B
    [cite_start]Rationalism relies on reason as the primary source of knowledge, contrasting with empiricism which relies on sense experience[cite: 6].
    22. Which thinker defined Justice as “harmony of the soul”?

    1. Aristotle
    2. John Rawls
    3. Plato
    4. J.S. Mill
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: A
    [cite_start]Option A is the correct match for the list: 1-D (Aristotle/Proportional), 2-B (Rawls/Fairness), 3-C (Plato/Harmony), 4-A (Mill/Obligation)[cite: 6].
    23. Equal respect and rights for all regardless of citizenship status is:

    1. Globalism
    2. Universalism
    3. Global Justice
    4. Cosmopolitanism
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: D
    [cite_start]This is the core definition of Cosmopolitanism[cite: 6].
    24. Which is NOT correct about John Rawls’ idea of Global Justice?

    1. Formulated in ‘The Law of Peoples’
    2. Decent non-liberal people would accept it
    3. He extended his difference principle to global level
    4. Based on liberal principles of tolerance
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: C
    [cite_start]Rawls did NOT extend his difference principle to the global level; it remained applicable only to liberal societies[cite: 6].
    25. Universality of Human Rights are opposed by:

    1. Moral Relativism
    2. Cultural Relativism
    3. Both A & B
    4. Cosmopolitanism
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: C
    [cite_start]Relativism is the direct opposite of universalism[cite: 6].
    26. Who defined citizenship as a status granting civil, political, and social privileges?

    1. B.S. Turner
    2. Anthony Giddens
    3. T.H. Marshall
    4. David Held
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: C
    This is the classic liberal definition provided by T.H. [cite_start]Marshall[cite: 6].
    27. Which of these is NOT a 3rd generation Right?

    1. Group Rights
    2. Environmental Rights
    3. Right to freedom of speech
    4. Right to natural resources
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: C
    [cite_start]Freedom of speech is a 1st generation (civil/political) right[cite: 6].
    28. Which is NOT in Will Kymlicka’s list of minority rights?

    1. Self-government rights
    2. Polyethnic rights
    3. Special representation rights
    4. Right of national self-determination
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: D
    [cite_start]Kymlicka excludes national self-determination as it could lead to the dissolution of the nation-state[cite: 6].
    29. Charles Taylor’s argument for “Recognition” implies:

    1. Minorities should get equal status
    2. Dignity requires cultural framework
    3. Self-respect depends on others’ recognition of cultural identity
    4. State must treat citizens with equal dignity
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: C
    [cite_start]This argument is central to Taylor’s ‘Multiculturalism and the politics of recognition'[cite: 7].
    30. The idea that brute luck (disease, disabilities) shouldn’t make people worse off is the basis of:

    1. Liberal egalitarians
    2. Socialist egalitarians
    3. Chance egalitarians
    4. Luck egalitarians
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: D
    [cite_start]This is the core concept for theorists like Ronald Dworkin[cite: 8].
    31. Pareto Optimality refers to a distribution where:

    1. Resources are equal for all
    2. No one can be better off without making another worse off
    3. Resources match individual needs
    4. Justice is proportional
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: A
    [cite_start]This economic concept is vital for understanding dilemmas in distribution[cite: 8].
    32. Which is NOT correct regarding Equality of Opportunity vs Outcome?

    1. Opportunity is soft; Outcome is hard egalitarianism
    2. They can resemble each other at extremes
    3. Opportunity denotes negative liberty
    4. They are very different concepts and cannot be placed on a continuum
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: D
    [cite_start]The reverse is true; they can be placed on a continuum[cite: 8].
    33. Which is NOT correct about Dworkin’s Equality of Resources?

    1. Based on Luck Egalitarianism
    2. Uses an imaginary auction
    3. Includes a fair insurance market
    4. Affirmative action by the State
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: D
    [cite_start]Dworkin’s model was a purely market-based arrangement and objected to state interference[cite: 8].
    34. Regarding Walzer’s Complex Equality, which is incorrect?

    1. Distinct spheres of distribution
    2. Blocks conversion of goods between spheres
    3. Communitarian account
    4. None of the above
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: F
    [cite_start]All statements listed in the original options (A-E) are actually correct[cite: 8].
    35. About Knowledge, which is NOT a view of post-modernism?

    1. Knowledge linked to power
    2. No knowledge is impartial
    3. Knowledge is technocratic and free from ideology
    4. Knowledge is not objective
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: C
    [cite_start]For Foucault, knowledge is NOT technocratic and free from ideology; it is inextricably linked to power[cite: 8].
    36. Which is NOT correct about Rawls’ theory of Justice?

    1. Normative approach
    2. Applicable only to liberal societies
    3. Welfare state indication
    4. Preference for societal common interest over individual rights
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: F
    [cite_start]Rawls rejected this; he placed the liberty principle above the difference principle and fair opportunity[cite: 8].
    37. Which is NOT correct about Feminism?

    1. Sex is biological; Gender is social
    2. Root cause is patriarchy
    3. It is considered a mainstream political theory
    4. Rejected separation of ‘Private’ and ‘Public’
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: C
    [cite_start]Feminism is technically classified as part of “critical” political theories rather than “mainstream”[cite: 8].
    38. Which term is NOT related to Anarchism?

    1. Mutualism
    2. Political Obligation
    3. State is unnecessary evil
    4. No formal hierarchical authority
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: C
    [cite_start]Anarchists do not believe in political obligation to the state[cite: 8].
    39. Match: Sandel, Walzer, MacIntyre, Taylor:

    1. 1-C, 2-D, 3-B, 4-A
    2. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
    3. 1-C, 2-D, 3- A, 4-B
    4. 1-B, 2-D, 3-C, 4-A
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: D
    [cite_start]Sandel (Liberalism & Limits), Walzer (Spheres), MacIntyre (After Virtue), Taylor (Sources)[cite: 8].
    40. Match Multiculturalism Thinkers (Kymlicka, Parekh, Taylor, Barry):

    1. 1-B, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C
    2. 1-C, 2-D, 3-B, 4-A
    3. 1-A, 2-C, 3-B, 4-D
    4. None of the above
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: B
    [cite_start]Matches thinkers to their foundational books on minority rights and multicultural theory[cite: 8].
    41. Who defined freedom as ‘it is a positive power of doing or enjoying something worth doing or enjoying’?

    1. Harold Laski
    2. T.H. Green
    3. Bosanquet
    4. Ernest Barker
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: B
    T.H. [cite_start]Green supported positive liberty and gave a complete theory of the welfare state[cite: 8].
    42. What did 1950s thinkers mean by the “demise” of political theory?

    1. Science didn’t need theory
    2. Theory wasn’t scientific
    3. Normative-philosophical theory was unsuitable
    4. Empirical theory was unsuitable
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: C
    [cite_start]They specifically referred to the decline of normative philosophical political theory[cite: 9].
    43. Easton’s reasons for decline of political theory include:

    1. Historicism, Hyperfactualism
    2. Historicism, Hyperfactualism, Moral relativism
    3. All four reasons
    4. Value pluralism
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: B
    [cite_start]Easton cited historicism, hyperfactualism, and moral relativism[cite: 9].
    44. Which is NOT correct about Ideology?

    1. Belief system to structure world
    2. Basis for political action
    3. Term coined by Destutt de Tracy
    4. Ideology is same as theory
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: D
    [cite_start]Ideology is NOT the same as theory[cite: 9].
    45. Who among the following did NOT support the demise of political theory?

    1. Peter Laslett
    2. Isaiah Berlin
    3. SM Lipset
    4. Robert Dahl
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: B
    [cite_start]Isaiah Berlin was hopeful of the revival of political theory[cite: 9].
    46. Which is NOT related to Gramsci’s concept of Hegemony?

    1. Manufacturing of Consent
    2. Economic determinism
    3. Dominance without coercion
    4. Civil Society
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: B
    [cite_start]Gramsci turned economic determinism upside down, focusing on how civil society creates hegemony[cite: 9].
    47. Who supported the revival of political theory after the behavioural revolution?

    1. 1, 2, 4
    2. 1, 2
    3. 1, 2, 3
    4. 1, 2, 3, 4
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: D
    [cite_start]Berlin, Strauss, Sabine, and Vogelin all supported the revival[cite: 9].
    48. Who said ‘We cannot shed our values in the way we remove our coats’?

    1. Isaiah Berlin
    2. Leo Strauss
    3. George H. Sabine
    4. David Easton
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: D
    [cite_start]David Easton made this statement regarding values in political research[cite: 9].
    49. The word ‘theory’ (from ‘Theoria’) literally means:

    1. Organized system
    2. Well-focused mental look
    3. Economic structure
    4. Physical arrangement
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: B
    [cite_start]It refers to a focused way of viewing or examining[cite: 9].
    50. Who said political theory contains factual, causal, and valuational factors?

    1. Leo Strauss
    2. Dunning
    3. G.H. Sabine
    4. Ebenstein
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: C
    [cite_start]Sabine said this in his book ‘A History of Political Theory’ (1937)[cite: 9].

  • Political Theory Mastery Quiz: Set 1 (Liberalism, Marxism & Modern Theories)

    1. Welfarism or welfare state is related to which stream of liberalism?

    1. Classical Liberalism
    2. Modern or Positive Liberalism
    3. Libertarianism
    4. Neoliberalism
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: B
    Welfarism or welfare state is related to modern or positive liberalism; classical liberalism believes in minimal state—state as a necessary evil[cite: 2].
    2. Nozick called taxation (aimed towards distributive justice) as:

    1. Social justice
    2. Legitimate redistribution
    3. Forced labour
    4. Voluntary contribution
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: C
    Distributive justice is an anathema to Libertarianism; Nozick called taxation for this purpose “forced labour”[cite: 2].
    3. A “Laissez-faire” or “nightwatchman” state is unacceptable to:

    1. Classical Liberalism
    2. Libertarianism
    3. Individualism
    4. Modern or Positive Liberalism
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: D
    Modern or positive liberalism supports a welfare state and distributive justice, rejecting the non-interfering nightwatchman state[cite: 2].
    4. Which term is NOT related with Liberalism?

    1. Possessive individualism
    2. Market Economy
    3. Dirigisme
    4. Universalism
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: C
    Dirigisme is a state-directed economy where the state rectifies market imperfections; this is unacceptable to (classical) liberalism[cite: 2].
    5. Which term is NOT related with Marxism?

    1. Class struggle
    2. Hegemony
    3. Value pluralism
    4. Materialism
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: C
    Marxism imposes a uniform value over all in a socialist/communist society; it does not believe in Value pluralism[cite: 2].
    6. Which is NOT correct about post-Marxism?

    1. Rejects economic determinism
    2. Influenced by poststructuralism
    3. Supported primacy of working class in socialism
    4. Propounded by Laclau and Mouffe
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: C
    The reverse is correct; post-Marxism does not support the primacy of the working class in socialism[cite: 2].
    7. Which is NOT correct about post-positivism?

    1. Observations are not value-neutral
    2. Theories influence what is observed
    3. Balance between quantitative and qualitative methods
    4. Rejected the idea of objective truth
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: D
    Post-positivism didn’t reject the idea of objective truth, as it was still rooted in core principles of positivism[cite: 2].
    8. Which is NOT correct about the critical theories?

    1. Aims for human emancipation
    2. Frankfurt school is a mainstay
    3. Emerges from various social movements
    4. Rejects modernism and fully supports post-modernism
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: D
    Critical theory rejects modernism but is also critical of the post-modernist approach[cite: 2].
    9. Which is NOT correct about post-behaviouralism?

    1. Propounded by David Easton
    2. Value-neutrality
    3. Action-oriented
    4. Slogan of “relevance”
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: C
    Post-behaviouralism rejected value-neutrality and gave due importance to values in politics.
    10. Which concept is NOT related to Behaviouralism?

    1. Fact-value separation
    2. Quantification
    3. Value pluralism
    4. Pure science
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: E
    Behaviouralism emphasized observation and fact-value separation, not Value pluralism.
    11. For John Rawls, what was the first virtue of any social order?

    1. Equality
    2. Rights
    3. Justice
    4. Peace
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: C
    Justice is considered the first virtue of social institutions by Rawls[cite: 4, 38].
    12. Which is NOT correct of Multiculturalism?

    1. Protects disadvantaged groups
    2. Supports group differentiated Rights
    3. Avoid cultural relativism
    4. Responds to cultural differences
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: C
    Multiculturalism actually believes in cultural relativism.
    13. Communitarianism is very similar to:

    1. Communism
    2. Socialism
    3. Liberal Doctrine (one current)
    4. None of the above
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: D
    (Liberal) Communitarianism is a stream within the liberal doctrine, not similar to Communism/Socialism.
    14. Which thinker is the “odd one out” among Communitarians?

    1. Michael Sandel
    2. Robert Nozick
    3. Michael Walzer
    4. Charles Taylor
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: B
    Robert Nozick was a Libertarian, while the others are famous communitarians.
    15. Truth relative to the moral standard of a person or group is called:

    1. Cultural Relativism
    2. Moral Relativism
    3. Value Pluralism
    4. Ethical Relativism
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: D
    This is the standard definition of Moral Relativism.
    16. Universal Human Rights is most associated with:

    1. Liberalism
    2. Communitarianism
    3. Post-structuralism
    4. Constructivism
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: A
    Universalism and universal human rights are central to liberal thought.
    17. Which is NOT related to Post-modernism?

    1. No objective truth
    2. Deconstruction
    3. Believes in Meta Narratives
    4. Knowledge-Power link
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: D
    Post-modernism rejects meta-narratives (grand historical accounts)[cite: 4, 6].
    18. Which is NOT correct about Derrida’s deconstructivism?

    1. Written Texts as “sites of conflict”
    2. Uses Genealogy
    3. Supported Platonism
    4. Binary opposition hierarchy
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: E
    Deconstructivism rejected Platonism and its transcendental structure.
    19. When Dworkin calls Rights as “Trumps”, he means:

    1. Individual rights take priority over common good
    2. Rights are creation of the state
    3. Rights and common good must balance
    4. Rights are fruits of the law
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: D
    Dworkin meant certain liberties are so vital they cannot be sacrificed for the common good[cite: 6, 45].
    20. Who said “Rights are the fruits of the law…creation of the state alone”?

    1. T.H. Green
    2. Jeremy Bentham
    3. Edmund Burke
    4. Harold Laski
    Show Answer
    Correct Answer: C
    Jeremy Bentham was a staunch supporter of legal rights and critic of natural rights.

  • रौलट एक्ट (1919)

    रौलट एक्ट (1919) : एक विस्तृत विवरण

    रौलट एक्ट, जिसे आधिकारिक तौर पर “अनार्चिकल क्रिमिनल्स एक्ट, 1919” कहा जाता था, ब्रिटिश भारत की एक कुख्यात कानून थी। इसका नाम सर सिडनी रौलट की अध्यक्षता वाली समिति के नाम पर रखा गया था। इस अधिनियम ने भारतीय राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन में एक महत्वपूर्ण मोड़ ला दिया और महात्मा गांधी को एक राष्ट्रव्यापी नेता के रूप में उभरने का मौका दिया।

    1. रौलट एक्ट लाने के कारण

    • प्रथम विश्व युद्ध का प्रभाव: युद्ध के बाद स्वशासन का वादा पूरा नहीं हुआ, जिससे असंतोष फैला।
    • क्रांतिकारी गतिविधियों में वृद्धि: ब्रिटिश सरकार उन्हें दबाना चाहती थी।
    • डिफेंस ऑफ इंडिया एक्ट (1915) की समाप्ति: सरकार चाहती थी वही विशेष शक्तियाँ शांतिकाल में भी बनी रहें।
    • भारत में बढ़ता राष्ट्रवाद: होम रूल लीग, लखनऊ समझौता और सुधारों की बहस से सरकार चिंतित थी।

    2. किसने सुझाव दिया और किसने समर्थन किया?

    ➡ सुझाव देने वाला: सर सिडनी रौलट समिति (1917) ने दिया, रिपोर्ट 1918 में पेश हुई।

    ➡ समर्थन करने वाले: ब्रिटिश सरकार और इंपीरियल लेजिस्लेटिव काउंसिल के ब्रिटिश सदस्य।

    ➡ विरोध करने वाले: मदन मोहन मालवीय, मोहम्मद अली जिन्ना, मजहरुल हक और तेज बहादुर सप्रू। जिन्ना ने विरोध में इस्तीफा दिया।

    3. रौलट एक्ट के मुख्य प्रावधान

    • बिना मुकदमे के गिरफ्तारी और अनिश्चितकालीन हिरासत।
    • जमानत और अपील का अधिकार न होना।
    • विशेष अदालतें, बंद कमरे में मुकदमा।
    • न्यायिक प्रक्रिया का निलंबन।
    • प्रेस पर कड़ी सेंसरशिप।

    4. रौलट एक्ट के परिणाम

    1. देशव्यापी विरोध और आक्रोश।
    2. गांधीजी का पहला अखिल भारतीय सत्याग्रह।
    3. 6 अप्रैल 1919 की देशव्यापी हड़ताल।
    4. 13 अप्रैल 1919 का जलियांवाला बाग हत्याकांड।
    5. गांधीजी का “कैसर-ए-हिंद” खिताब लौटाना।
    6. 1920-22 असहयोग आंदोलन की नींव।
    7. भारतीय राजनीति का कट्टरपंथीकरण।

    5. निष्कर्ष

    रौलट एक्ट ब्रिटिश सरकार की सबसे बड़ी राजनीतिक भूल थी। यह अधिनियम भारतीयों को एकजुट करने और गांधीजी को राष्ट्रीय नेता बनाने का कारण बना। “अपराध रोकने” के नाम पर बनाया गया यह कानून अंततः ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य के खिलाफ सबसे बड़ा राजनीतिक अपराध साबित हुआ।

    ✍️ इस लेख को लाइक/शेयर/कमेंट करना न भूलें।